Packaging & Labeling

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 INTRODUCTION
Packaging is the science, art, and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. Labeling is any written, electronic, or graphic communications on the packaging or on a separate but associated label.

PACKAGING & LABELLING
Packaging is heavily integrated into daily life. It can be seen on everyday items such as chocolate bars and potato chip (crisp) packets. As explained below, the main use for packaging is protection of the goods inside, but packaging also provides a recognisable logo or image. Consumers instantly know what the goods are inside.

These two containers display similar product name. However they differ in terms of packaging and labeling  style thus allow consumer to identify which one is safe to use.


THE OBJECTIVE OF PACKAGING & LABELLING

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Physical Protection—The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, shock, vibration, compression, temperature, etc.

Barrier Protection—A barrier from oxygen, water vapor, dust, etc., is often required. Package permeability is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants, or oxygen absorbers, to help extend shelf life. Modified atmospheres or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh, and safe for the intended shelf life is a primary function.


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Containment or Agglomeration—Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a single box of 1,000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1,000 single pencils. Liquids, powders, and flowables need containment.


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Information transmission—Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or product. With pharmaceutical, food, medical, and chemical products, some types of information are required by governments.

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Marketing—The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product. Package design has been an important and constantly evolving phenomenon for dozens of years. Marketing communications and graphic design are applied to the surface of the package and (in many cases) the point of sale display.

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Security—Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate tampering.

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Convenience—Packages can have features that add convenience in distribution, handling, display, sale, opening, re-closing, use, and reuse.

Portion Control—Single-serving or single-dosage packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: Selling sealed one-liter bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.

PACKAGING TYPES
Packaging consists of several different types. For example, a transport package or distribution package is the package form used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a consumer package as one that is directed toward a consumer or household. It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function:


Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package that is in direct contact with the content


  • Aerosol spray can
  • Bags-In-Boxes
  • Beverage can
  • Wine box
  • Bottle
  • Blister pack
  • Carton
  • Cushioning
  • Envelope
  • Plastic bag
  • Plastic bottle
  • Skin pack
  • Tin can
  • Wrapper
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Secondary
Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging—perhaps used to group primary packages together.
  • Box
  • Carton
  • Shrink wrap

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Tertiary
Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling and shipping.
  • Bale
  • Barrel
  • Crate
  • Container
  • Edge protector
  • Flexible intermediate bulk container, Big bag, "Bulk
  • Bag," or "Super Sack"
  • Intermediate bulk container
  • Pallet
  • Slip sheet
  • Stretch wrap




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